Citation:
S. Adu, H. Foy, K. Velichkov, and S. Birikorang “Addressing Regulatory Gaps in Uranium Transport: A SADC Case Study”, 21st International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 2025), July 27 to August 1, 2025, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Abstract:
The Southern African Development Community (SADC), a regional intergovernmental organization comprising 16 member states, is home to several countries rich in uranium resources. As global demand for nuclear energy rises, the SADC region is positioned to become a significant player in the uranium market, particularly through the production and export of Uranium Oxide Concentrate (UOC). However, the transport of yellowcake presents significant challenges, primarily due to regulatory gaps, safety concerns, and security risks. The absence of conversion and enrichment facilities within Africa necessitates the transportation of mined uranium to licensed seaports, such as Walvis Bay in Namibia, for export. This journey often involves crossing international borders and navigating diverse regulatory environments, complicating compliance with safety and security protocols. This study identifies and addresses regulatory gaps in uranium transport within SADC member states, to enhance security, compliance, and non-proliferation efforts. Through a case study approach, the research analyzed the legal and regulatory frameworks governing uranium transport, identifying weaknesses and proposing recommendations to mitigate risks, such as the diversion of uranium into illicit nuclear programs. A qualitative research methodology was employed, including a comparative analysis of the regulatory frameworks in Namibia, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, along with data collected from literature reviews and interviews with key stakeholders. The findings revealed significant challenges, including the lack of harmonization in nuclear safety and security regulations, outdated laws, poor road infrastructure, and fragmented governance systems. These issues led to inconsistent compliance, increased risks of accidents or hijacking, and difficulties in managing uranium transport across borders. The study concludes that improving uranium transport in the SADC region requires a harmonized regulatory framework and better coordination among regulatory authorities to enhance compliance, streamline processes, and reduce associated risks.